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Edge computing is a distributed computing model that moves computation, data storage, and application services closer to the sources of data and end users, rather than relying entirely on centralized cloud data centers. By processing requests at nearby edge servers, gateways, devices, or micro data centers, it reduces network latency, bandwidth usage, and response times. The concept developed from content delivery networks in the 1990s and later expanded to support broader applications and Internet of Things (IoT) services. Edge computing is especially valuable for applications requiring rapid or continuous responses, such as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, industrial systems, augmented reality, facial recognition, cloud gaming, and real-time IoT management. It can improve responsiveness, efficiency, privacy, and service continuity during connectivity problems, although it also introduces challenges involving security, scalability, device heterogeneity, distributed management, and reliability. Fog computing may overlap with edge computing or serve as an intermediate layer between edge infrastructure and the cloud in larger deployments.
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