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The empire grew from about 4 million square kilometers in 1206 to approximately 13.5 million in 1227 and 23.5 million by 1294.
The Mongol Empire was founded in 1206 when Temüjin was proclaimed Genghis Khan and unified the Mongol tribes. From its origins in present-day Mongolia, it expanded rapidly across Eurasia under Genghis Khan and his successors. At its height around 1294, it covered approximately 23.5 million square kilometers, making it the largest contiguous empire in history. Its territory stretched from the Sea of Japan and China across Central Asia, Siberia, the Iranian plateau, and the Middle East to Eastern Europe, reaching areas near the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains and extending southward toward the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
The empire grew from about 4 million square kilometers in 1206 to approximately 13.5 million in 1227 and 23.5 million by 1294.
Its vast territory connected East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe under Mongol rule.
The Mongol conquests created the Pax Mongolica, which encouraged trade, travel, communication, and the exchange of technologies, goods, cultures, and ideas across Eurasia.
The empire began fragmenting after succession disputes and conflicts between nomadic traditions and more settled, cosmopolitan forms of government.
By 1294, it had divided into four major successor states: the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan dynasty.
Although politically fragmented, the Mongol Empire had a lasting impact on Eurasian political boundaries, commercial networks, cultural exchange, and historical development.
A Eurasian empire founded in 1206 that became the largest contiguous empire in history at its peak.
The title adopted by Temüjin, the founder who unified the Mongol tribes and initiated the empire's major expansion.
A period of relative stability under Mongol rule that facilitated trade, travel, and cultural exchange across Eurasia.
An empire whose territories form a connected landmass rather than being separated by distant colonies or territories.
The Mongol successor khanate that ruled much of the northwestern Eurasian steppe and influenced Eastern Europe.
A Mongol successor state centered in Central Asia and ruled by descendants of Chagatai, a son of Genghis Khan.
The Mongol successor state established in Iran and neighboring parts of the Middle East.
The Mongol-ruled dynasty founded by Kublai Khan that governed China and parts of East Asia.
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