Introduction to Ethics and Moral Philosophy

Ethics as Moral Philosophy

Ethics, or moral philosophy, is the philosophical study of morality and moral phenomena. It examines what people ought to do, which actions are right or wrong, what obligations individuals have, how to lead a good life, and what gives life meaning. Ethics is commonly divided into normative ethics, applied ethics, and metaethics. Normative ethics seeks general principles for determining right conduct, applied ethics addresses concrete issues such as abortion, animal treatment, and business practices, and metaethics examines the meaning, foundations, objectivity, and motivation of moral judgments. Ethics is related to value theory, moral psychology, and descriptive ethics, but differs from descriptive ethics because it focuses on what people should do rather than simply describing existing beliefs or practices. The major normative approaches are consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism judges actions by their outcomes, with utilitarianism holding that actions are right when they maximize overall happiness and reduce suffering. Deontology evaluates actions according to duties, principles, and rights, regardless of consequences; Kantian ethics emphasizes universal moral laws and treating people as ends in themselves. Virtue ethics focuses on the development and expression of good character traits, such as courage and compassion. Other approaches, including divine command theory, contractualism, and discourse ethics, ground morality in divine commands, social agreement, or rational discussion. Ethical thought developed across ancient Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, and Greek traditions, was strongly shaped by religion during the medieval period, and became more secular in modern philosophy, with metaethics becoming especially influential in the twentieth century.

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Central Questions of Ethics

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