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The Achaemenid Dynasty emerged from the Persian tribes that settled in Persis, in southwestern Iran, after arriving on the Iranian Plateau around the early first millennium BC. The Persians lived alongside the native Elamites and were initially organized as nomadic pastoralists. Among the Persian tribes, the Pasargadae were the most prominent, and the Achaemenid clan belonged to this group. The dynasty’s early rulers controlled Anshan, an important former Elamite center, and adopted the title “King of Anshan.” The origins and genealogy of the dynasty are partly uncertain because ancient sources provide conflicting accounts. The Cyrus Cylinder lists Teispes, Cyrus I, Cambyses I, and Cyrus II, while Darius the Great’s Behistun Inscription traces the royal line back to Achaemenes through Teispes but is not supported by earlier records. Cyrus II, or Cyrus the Great, transformed the regional Persian kingdom into an empire by revolting against the Median Empire in 553 BC and defeating it around 550 BC. His conquest of Media marked the formal establishment of the Achaemenid imperial state.
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