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Geology is a branch of natural science that studies Earth, other rocky astronomical bodies, their materials, structures, and the processes that change them over time. It overlaps with other Earth sciences, such as hydrology, geochemistry, geophysics, and planetary science. Geologists investigate minerals, rocks, superficial deposits, fossils, and geological structures to reconstruct Earth's history, determine the ages of rocks, and understand the development of its surface and interior. As an Earth science, geology explains major phenomena including the rock cycle, plate tectonics, mountain building, volcanism, earthquakes, climate change, and the evolution of life. It uses fieldwork, laboratory analysis, geophysical measurements, experimentation, and numerical modeling. Geology is also practically important for locating minerals and hydrocarbons, managing water resources, assessing natural hazards, addressing environmental problems, and supporting geological and geotechnical engineering.
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