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Linguistics is the scientific study of language, examining its structure, meaning, use, development, and cognitive and biological foundations. Its major areas include syntax, semantics, morphology, phonetics, phonology, and pragmatics. Linguists study language in spoken, written, and signed forms, using both theoretical and practical approaches. Theoretical linguistics seeks general principles underlying human language, while applied, computational, mathematical, psycholinguistic, biolinguistic, and neurolinguistic approaches apply scientific methods to education, technology, cognition, and language evolution. The field analyzes language from synchronic and diachronic perspectives, including how languages are structured at a particular time and how they change throughout history. It also examines linguistic variation, typology, discourse, stylistics, lexicons, grammar, and language acquisition. Modern linguistics is primarily descriptive: it aims to document and explain how language is actually used rather than judging forms as correct or incorrect. It developed partly from philology but now overlaps with psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, semiotics, and computer science.
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