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Vietnamese anticolonial nationalism developed in opposition to French colonial rule, especially after Vietnam became part of French Indochina in the 1880s. Nationalist movements pursued different visions for independence: revolutionary nationalists generally favored republicanism, while communists led by Ho Chi Minh and the Indochinese Communist Party sought a Marxist-Leninist state. These divisions produced competition and conflict among Vietnamese political groups, even as opposition to foreign rule grew. During the Japanese occupation in World War II, Ho Chi Minh established the Viet Minh as an anti-Japanese independence movement, receiving limited Allied support and presenting communism through a nationalist cause. After Japan's surrender, the Viet Minh launched the August Revolution and declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in September 1945. French efforts to restore colonial control led to the First Indochina War, ending with the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The Geneva settlement recognized Vietnamese independence but temporarily divided the country, leaving the nationalist struggle unresolved and contributing to the later conflict between North and South Vietnam.
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