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Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants (and other photosynthetic organisms) make their own food using sunlight. In plant cells, chlorophyll in chloroplasts captures light energy and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a sugar used for energy and growth). During this process, oxygen is released as a waste product. Overall, photosynthesis uses light energy to drive chemical reactions. In the light-dependent reactions, sunlight splits water (photolysis), producing oxygen, energized electrons, and ATP/NADPH. In the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), carbon dioxide is used along with ATP and NADPH to build glucose. The glucose can be used immediately in respiration to release energy, stored as starch, or converted into other compounds for growth and reproduction.
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Chloroplasts are structures in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place, especially in the green tissues of leaves. They contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy. This energy powers reactions that use carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. The light-dependent reactions occur in the grana of chloroplasts, producing ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle uses these products and carbon dioxide to build sugars. Stomata are small openings in leaves that allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf for photosynthesis. Oxygen produced during photosynthesis leaves the plant through the stomata. The glucose made can be used in respiration, stored as starch, or converted into substances such as cellulose, nectar, amino acids, and fats.
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