is a modern art movement co-founded by Picasso that represents subjects by breaking them into geometric forms and multiple viewpoints.

Context: Core term: Cubism

The Period (1901–1904) features sombre blue/blue-green tones and often depicts gaunt figures such as mothers with children, prostitutes, and beggars.

Context: Core term: Blue Period

The Period (1904–1906) shifts to lighter orange/pink tones and emphasizes circus performers and harlequins (saltimbanques).

Context: Core term: Rose Period

Picasso’s trip through Spain and the suicide of his friend Carles Casagemas causes which leads to the Blue Period’s more sombre and doleful emotional tone.

Context: Cause→effect chain: Spain trip/suicide → melancholic themes → Blue Period tone

Picasso was impressed by African artefacts in June 1907 at the Palais du Trocadéro ethnographic museum, which causes him to repainted faces in and shift toward African-influenced forms.

Context: Cause→effect chain: African artefacts → repainted faces in Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

African-influenced formal ideas developed during 1907–1909 lead directly into the period that follows.

Context: Cause→effect chain: African-influenced ideas → Cubist period

is early work that anticipates Cubism’s structural approach before the fully developed Cubist styles.

Context: Core term: Proto-Cubism

Analytic Cubism (1909–1912) is described as ‘analysis’ because it breaks objects into shapes using a limited, monochrome-like palette.

Context: Core term mechanics: Analytic Cubism palette

Picasso and Georges Braque developed Analytic Cubism together, which causes objects to be ‘taken apart’ into shapes using monochrome brownish/neutral .

Context: Cause→effect chain: collaboration → shape analysis + limited palette

is a later Cubist approach (1912–1919) often associated with broader compositional construction.

Context: Core term: Synthetic Cubism

Picasso is credited with the invention of , meaning sculptural work assembled from parts rather than carved from a single block.

Context: Core term: Constructed sculpture

Picasso is credited with the co-invention of , an art technique that assembles different materials into a single composition.

Context: Core term: Collage

Gertrude Stein became Picasso’s principal patron and exhibited his work in her Paris salon, which causes Stein to help sustain Picasso’s prominence and collector network during the early 1900s through increased .

Context: Cause→effect chain: patronage → increased visibility → prominence/collectors

Picasso’s anti-war painting (1937) depicting the bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War is titled .

Context: Key work: Guernica