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Diabetes prevalence and its global burden have risen sharply over recent decades. The number of people living with diabetes increased from 200 million in 1990 to 830 million in 2022, and the prevalence has been growing faster in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. In 2022, 14% of adults aged 18+ were living with diabetes (up from 7% in 1990), and among adults aged 30+ living with diabetes, 59% were not taking diabetes medication. Treatment coverage is lowest in low- and middle-income settings, contributing to a larger and more severe health impact. Diabetes is a major driver of mortality and disability through both direct effects and complications. In 2021, diabetes directly caused 1.6 million deaths, and 47% of diabetes-related deaths occurred before age 70. Diabetes also contributed to an additional 530,000 deaths from kidney disease caused by diabetes. High blood glucose accounts for around 11% of cardiovascular deaths, and diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower limb amputation. Since 2000, diabetes mortality rates have been increasing, even as overall mortality from other major noncommunicable diseases has declined globally.
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Diabetes causes persistent hyperglycaemia, which progressively damages blood vessels and nerves throughout the body. Major complications include heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, blindness caused by diabetic eye disease, and foot ulcers that may lead to lower-limb amputation. Diabetes also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and can cause permanent nerve, kidney, eye, and foot damage. These complications can often be prevented or delayed through blood glucose control, healthy lifestyle measures, medication, regular screening, and timely treatment. In 2021, diabetes was the direct cause of approximately 1.6 million deaths worldwide, with 47% occurring before age 70. Diabetes also caused around 530,000 deaths from kidney disease, bringing diabetes-related deaths and deaths from diabetic kidney disease to more than 2 million. In addition, high blood glucose contributed to approximately 11% of cardiovascular deaths. Mortality rates from diabetes have increased since 2000, while delayed diagnosis and inadequate treatment increase the likelihood that serious complications will develop before care begins.
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