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The laws of physics have the same form in every inertial reference frame.
Special relativity is founded on two postulates proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905. First, the laws of physics are identical in all inertial reference frames, meaning observers moving at constant velocities relative to one another should describe physical laws in the same way. This principle rejects the idea of an absolute state of rest and extends Galileo’s principle of relativity to all physical laws, including electromagnetism. Second, the speed of light in a vacuum is constant for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source or the observer. These postulates require space and time to be understood together as spacetime and lead to effects such as time dilation, length contraction, the relativity of simultaneity, and Lorentz transformations. They also establish the speed of light as the maximum speed for information and provide the foundation for results such as mass–energy equivalence.
The laws of physics have the same form in every inertial reference frame.
The speed of light in a vacuum is always the same for all observers, independent of the motion of the source or observer.
Together, the postulates replace absolute space and universal time with observer-dependent measurements of space and time.
Major consequences include time dilation, length contraction, relativity of simultaneity, Lorentz transformations, and mass–energy equivalence.
The laws of physics are invariant in all inertial reference frames.
The speed of light in a vacuum has the same constant value for every observer, regardless of source or observer motion.
A reference frame that is at rest or moving at constant velocity without acceleration.
The mathematical relationship that converts space and time coordinates between inertial frames moving at constant relative velocity.
The difference in elapsed time measured by observers who are in relative motion.
The shortening of an object's measured length in the direction of motion as observed from a frame in which the object is moving.
The principle that events simultaneous for one observer may occur at different times for another observer in relative motion.
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