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French is a Romance language in the Indo-European family that developed primarily from Vulgar Latin spoken in northern Gaul. Its closest historical relatives include the langues d’oïl, while its development was also shaped by Celtic languages and the Germanic language of the Franks. The language evolved through Old French and Middle French, with the Francien dialect of the Paris region eventually forming the basis of Modern French. French vocabulary includes influences from Gaulish, Frankish, Arabic, and other languages. French spread beyond France through state centralization, diplomacy, colonization, education, and international institutions. It is an official language in 26 countries and is spoken as a first or second language across Europe, Africa, the Americas, and other regions. Although English replaced French as the dominant global diplomatic language during the twentieth century, French remains important in diplomacy, law, science, education, business, literature, and culture. Today, French continues to diversify through regional varieties and contact with local languages, especially in Africa, while written French remains comparatively standardized.
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