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Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies the physical aspects of speech and language sounds, including how they are produced, the properties of the resulting sound waves, and how they are perceived. Its traditional scope comprises three subdisciplines: articulatory phonetics, which examines the movements and positions of the vocal organs; acoustic phonetics, which analyzes the physical properties of sound waves; and auditory phonetics, which investigates how listeners perceive and interpret speech sounds. The basic unit of phonetics is the phone, an individual speech sound, whereas phonology studies phonemes, which are abstract, language-specific sound categories that can distinguish meaning. The scope of phonetics extends beyond spoken language. It also examines the physical production and perception of signed and tactile languages, such as American Sign Language and Australian Sign Language, through their manual and visual or tactile modalities. Phonetics therefore encompasses the complete physical communication process, from articulatory actions and airflow or movement to sound or visual signals and their perception. It also includes related areas such as places and manners of articulation, airstream mechanisms, phonation, voice quality, and the anatomy and function of the larynx.
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