Atlantic Hurricane Fundamentals and Climate Context

Definition and scope of Atlantic hurricanes

An Atlantic hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean, primarily between June and November. It is a continuously rotating storm system around a low-pressure center, producing stormy weather over a wide area (not just the storm’s eye). These hurricanes develop from organized clouds and thunderstorms over tropical or subtropical waters and have a closed low-level circulation. In terms of classification, Atlantic tropical cyclones are categorized by intensity using maximum sustained wind speeds and/or lowest barometric pressure. A tropical storm has one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 39 mph (34 knots), while a hurricane must reach at least 75 mph (64 knots). The article also notes that the naming of storms began in 1953 using predetermined lists, and names may be retired when storms cause significant damage or casualties. On average in the North Atlantic basin, about 14 named storms occur each season, with roughly 7 becoming hurricanes and about 3 reaching major hurricane strength (Category 3 or higher).

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Tropical cyclone structure and closed circulation

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