Aztec Empire: Origins, Government, Religion, Law

Etymology and definitions

In modern scholarship, the term “Aztec” is used to refer to the Nahuatl-speaking peoples of central Mexico and, more specifically, the Mexica (the dominant ethnicity within the Triple Alliance). The name comes from the Nahuatl word *aztecatl*, meaning “people from Aztlan,” a mythical origin place associated with Nahua migration and legitimacy narratives. Importantly, the text emphasizes that the people themselves did not use “Aztec” as a self-designation in the way modern usage does. The article also clarifies key related terms and how they connect to political identity. The Aztec realm at its core consisted of three Nahuatl city-states—Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan—whose alliance became hegemonic over much of central Mesoamerica. Over time, power asymmetries elevated Tenochtitlan, and the empire’s administration and ideology were expressed through Nahua concepts of rulership and sacred authority, with rulers understood as representatives of the gods. Thus, “Aztec” functions as a modern label for a specific historical-political configuration, while the underlying identities and institutions were rooted in Nahua terminology and cosmological ideas.

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Before the Aztec Empire

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