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Biodiversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. It is commonly defined as the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems in a particular region. Biodiversity also includes differences in organisms’ forms, functions, evolutionary relationships, and ecological roles. Although no single definition is universally accepted, major scientific organizations describe it as the variability among living organisms within and between species and the ecosystems they form. Biodiversity is measured at several interconnected levels. Genetic diversity refers to variation in genes within a species or population. Species diversity includes the variety and relative abundance of species in an area, while species richness refers specifically to the number of species present. Ecosystem diversity describes the range of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in a region. Other perspectives include taxonomic diversity, morphological diversity, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity, which examine differences in classification, physical traits, ecological roles, and evolutionary history.
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