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Bitcoin is the first decentralized cryptocurrency, introduced in 2008 when an unknown person using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto published the white paper “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.” Its open-source software was released in 2009, marking the start of real-world use as a currency. Over time, Bitcoin has been adopted by some countries and institutions, while also facing regulatory scrutiny due to its pseudonymous nature and association with illicit activity. Bitcoin operates without a central authority by using a peer-to-peer network where each node maintains an independent copy of a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. Transactions are validated using cryptography, and agreement on the ledger’s contents is achieved through proof of work (mining), which makes tampering computationally difficult. Bitcoin’s issuance is decentralized, with block rewards that halve periodically and a capped total supply of 21 million bitcoins, reinforcing its role as a scarce digital asset.
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