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The Black Death occurred mainly between 1346 and 1353 and was one of the most lethal pandemics in human history.
The Black Death was a devastating plague pandemic that affected Eurasia and North Africa from approximately 1346 to 1353. It killed an estimated 25 to 50 million people, including roughly 30% to 60% of Europe’s population and about one-third of the Middle Eastern population. The disease was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was primarily transmitted through infected flea bites, although pneumonic plague could spread through respiratory droplets and other forms through contact with infected tissues or fluids. The pandemic is commonly associated with the siege of Caffa in Crimea in 1347 and subsequently spread through trade routes and shipping across the Mediterranean, Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. Although the precise geographic origin remains debated, genetic and archaeological evidence confirms that Yersinia pestis caused the outbreak. The Black Death produced profound demographic, economic, social, and cultural changes, contributing to labor shortages, economic disruption, population decline, and recurring plague outbreaks throughout the Late Middle Ages.
The Black Death occurred mainly between 1346 and 1353 and was one of the most lethal pandemics in human history.
It was caused by Yersinia pestis and was commonly transmitted by fleas carried by rodents, with additional pneumonic and person-to-person transmission possible.
The pandemic killed an estimated 25 to 50 million people and caused the deaths of a large proportion of the populations of Europe and the Middle East.
The disease spread through trade networks from the Black Sea region across Europe, North Africa, and West Asia.
Its effects included major population loss, economic upheaval, labor shortages, and long-term cultural and social change.
A major plague pandemic that devastated Eurasia and North Africa during the mid-fourteenth century.
The bacterium responsible for plague, including bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic forms.
A form of plague characterized by swollen and painful lymph nodes called buboes, usually transmitted through infected flea bites.
A form of plague affecting the lungs that can spread between people through respiratory droplets.
The extended series of plague outbreaks beginning with the Black Death and continuing through later centuries.
A flea species that can transmit Yersinia pestis between infected rodents and humans.
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