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Blood types are inherited classifications determined by RBC surface antigens and the corresponding antibodies in blood.
Blood type (blood group) is a classification based on antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and the corresponding antibodies in the blood. These antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, and multiple antigen variants (alleles) together define a blood group system. Blood types are inherited from both parents, and—except for rare circumstances—an individual’s blood group remains the same throughout life. The ABO and Rh systems are the most important for transfusion compatibility. In ABO, people are classified as A, B, AB, or O depending on which A and/or B antigens are present on RBCs; the matching antibodies in serum help determine safe transfusion. In the Rh system, the presence or absence of the RhD (D) antigen determines the “+” or “−” status. Although most blood types are stable, they can change after events such as bone marrow transplantation, where new blood-forming cells replace the recipient’s original cells. Blood type inheritance also has clinical implications beyond transfusion. For example, RhD incompatibility can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) when an RhD-negative mother becomes sensitized to RhD-positive fetal blood. Additionally, certain blood group antigens are associated with susceptibility or resistance to infections (e.g., Duffy antigen and malaria), reflecting evolutionary selection pressures in different populations.
Blood types are inherited classifications determined by RBC surface antigens and the corresponding antibodies in blood.
ABO and Rh (especially RhD) are the most clinically important systems for transfusion compatibility.
Blood type usually stays constant, but can change after bone marrow transplant or other rare biological events.
RhD-negative mothers can develop anti-D antibodies, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn in current or future pregnancies.
Some blood group antigens influence infection susceptibility and may vary in frequency across populations due to selection pressures.
A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of specific inherited antigens on RBC surfaces and the corresponding antibodies in the blood.
The blood group system defined by A and B antigens on RBCs and anti-A/anti-B antibodies in serum, producing phenotypes A, B, AB, and O.
A major blood group system in which the presence (+) or absence (−) of the RhD antigen determines RhD status and affects transfusion and pregnancy risk.
A molecule on RBC surfaces (e.g., A, B, or RhD) that can trigger immune responses if recognized as foreign.
An immune protein in serum that binds to specific RBC antigens and can cause transfusion reactions if mismatched.
A condition in which maternal antibodies (commonly anti-D) attack fetal RBCs, potentially causing anemia and other severe outcomes.
A procedure that can replace a recipient’s blood-forming cells, leading to eventual replacement of RBCs with donor-derived blood group antigens.
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