is the process driving evolution by favoring heritable traits that improve survival and reproduction.

Context: Tests the meaning of Natural Selection.

Biology is unified by the cell as the basic unit, genes and heredity, evolution, energy transformation, and .

Context: Tests the meaning of Homeostasis as a core theme.

is classification of organisms based on shared characteristics.

Context: Tests the meaning of Taxonomy.

is the study of evolutionary relationships, often visualized as evolutionary trees.

Context: Tests the meaning of Phylogenetics.

Cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life and that cells have life characteristics, with most cells arising from other .

Context: Tests understanding of the full content of Cell Theory.

Life is studied from molecules and cells up through organisms, populations, and .

Context: Tests Levels of Biological Organization.

Molecular biology focuses on and macromolecules.

Context: Tests the relationship between Molecular Biology and the molecular level.

Genes and heredity connect to and molecular genetics.

Context: Tests the core-theme relationship between genes/heredity and Genetics.

Evolution connects to and systematics/phylogenetics.

Context: Tests the core-theme relationship between Evolution and Evolutionary Biology.

Energy transformation connects to and metabolism.

Context: Tests the meaning of Bioenergetics as a core-theme connection.

X causes which leads to Y.

Context: Tests a cause→effect relationship from the Hershey–Chase milestone.

Improved microscopy by Anton van Leeuwenhoek causes discovery of spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria, and diversity of microscopic life, because enhanced ability to observe previously unseen microorganisms expanded biological evidence and .

Context: Tests the mechanism behind the microscopy→evidence→thinking cause→effect chain.

Advances in microscopy and early 19th-century emphasis on the cell cause development and consolidation of theory.

Context: Tests a cause→effect relationship leading to Cell Theory.

Discovery of DNA’s double-helical structure (1953) and focus on model organisms causes transition to the era of genetics.

Context: Tests a cause→effect relationship leading to Molecular Genetics.

Recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s causes molecular genetics to integrate with embryology, enabling evo-devo advances by allowing identification of developmental control mechanisms (e.g., genes).

Context: Tests understanding of a cause→effect mechanism involving evo-devo and homeotic genes.