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Child growth is commonly described in four periods (infancy, preschool years, middle childhood years, adolescence) with distinct growth patterns and timing of growth spurts.
A child’s growth and development can be divided into four periods: infancy, preschool years, middle childhood years, and adolescence. Growth is fastest in infancy: soon after birth an infant typically loses about 10% to 12% of birth weight, then begins gaining again by about 2 weeks. By 4 to 6 months, an infant’s weight should be about double the birth weight, while growth slows somewhat during the second half of the first year. From ages 1 to 2, toddlers gain about 5 pounds (2.2 kg), and from ages 2 to 5 weight gain remains around 5 pounds (2.2 kg) per year. Between ages 2 and 10, children grow at a steady pace, followed by a final growth spurt at the start of puberty, typically between ages 9 and 15. Because growth rates change, nutrient needs change as well. Infants require more calories relative to their size than preschoolers or school-age children, and nutrient needs increase again as children approach adolescence. A healthy child generally follows an individual growth curve, but nutrient intake may differ by child. Providing a diet with a wide variety of foods appropriate for the child’s age and starting healthy eating habits in infancy can help reduce risks such as high blood pressure and obesity. Poor nutrition can also affect intellectual development—children may be tired, less able to learn, and more likely to get sick and miss school. Breakfast is especially important for learning and energy. Studies show a clear relationship between eating breakfast and improved learning, and government programs help ensure children in poor or underserved areas receive at least one healthy, balanced meal per day, often breakfast. If there are concerns about a child’s growth or development, it is recommended to talk with a health care provider.
Child growth is commonly described in four periods (infancy, preschool years, middle childhood years, adolescence) with distinct growth patterns and timing of growth spurts.
Nutrient needs rise and fall with growth rates; poor nutrition can impair learning and increase illness, making healthy eating—especially breakfast—important.
The early period of life soon after birth through the first year, characterized by rapid growth and changing weight patterns.
A period of faster growth that occurs at the start of puberty, typically between ages 9 and 15.
A child’s personal pattern of growth over time, which may differ from others even when overall health is good.
Cognitive and learning abilities that can be negatively affected by poor nutrition.
The first meal of the day, strongly associated with improved learning and reduced tiredness in children.
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