Chinese Civil War Learning Path

First United Front and Northern Expedition

The First United Front (1926–1927) was an alliance between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) aimed at defeating regional warlords and unifying China. With Soviet support, the KMT reorganized and trained its forces, including through the Whampoa Military Academy, where CCP members also participated. This cooperation helped enable the Northern Expedition, a major campaign against warlords in central China that initially proved highly successful and elevated Chiang Kai-shek’s position as a leading figure. However, the united front quickly collapsed as KMT–CCP rivalry intensified. After Sun Yat-sen’s death, internal KMT divisions grew, and Chiang began expelling communists from influential positions (the Canton Coup). In April 1927, Chiang ordered purges of communists in Shanghai, known as the Shanghai Massacre (the 12 April Incident), marking the start of the “White Terror.” The CCP and left-wing KMT factions then moved toward Wuhan, but Chiang’s forces ultimately toppled the leftist government, and the KMT resumed the war against the warlords while the KMT–CCP split hardened into open civil conflict.

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Breakdown of the United Front

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