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Civil war began on 1 August 1927 after the KMT–CCP alliance broke down, and the conflict is commonly split into two phases with a 1937–1945 interlude.
The Chinese Civil War (between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and the Chinese Communist Party) is generally divided into two main phases separated by an interlude. Hostilities began when the KMT and CCP broke from their alliance in the First United Front, with civil war starting on 1 August 1927. The first phase lasted until 1937, when fighting was largely paused as the Second United Front formed to resist the Japanese invasion of China. The interlude ran from 1937 to 1945, during which the KMT and CCP cooperated against Japan but continued to compete for influence and territory in areas not under Japanese control. After Japan’s defeat became imminent, the civil war resumed in earnest in 1945, marking the second phase (1945–1949). The Communists gained the upper hand, proclaimed the People’s Republic of China on 1 October 1949, and the KMT government retreated to Taiwan on 7 December 1949, ending the main continental phase of the war.
Civil war began on 1 August 1927 after the KMT–CCP alliance broke down, and the conflict is commonly split into two phases with a 1937–1945 interlude.
Phase 1: 1927–1937 (KMT vs CCP fighting, including major internal purges and uprisings).
Interlude: 1937–1945 (Second United Front against Japan, with continued rivalry and limited coordination).
Phase 2: 1945–1949 (civil war resumes after Japan’s defeat; Communist victory leads to PRC proclamation on 1 October 1949 and KMT retreat to Taiwan on 7 December 1949).
The initial period of KMT–CCP civil war after the breakdown of the First United Front, ending when the Second United Front against Japan took hold.
The period when the KMT and CCP largely cooperated against Japanese invasion under the Second United Front while still competing for influence.
The renewed civil war after Japan’s defeat, culminating in Communist victory and the establishment of the PRC in 1949.
The wartime KMT–CCP alliance formed to resist Japanese aggression during 1937–1945.
The Nationalist political and military force that led the Republic of China government during the civil war.
The communist political and military force that fought the KMT and ultimately established the PRC in 1949.
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