Cold War Origins, Conflicts, and End

US–Soviet geopolitical rivalry

The US–Soviet geopolitical rivalry, known as the Cold War, was a global confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union from the aftermath of World War II until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Although the two superpowers did not fight each other directly, they competed through ideological conflict, economic influence, military alliances, nuclear and conventional arms races, espionage, propaganda, technological competition, and support for opposing sides in regional proxy wars. The United States promoted capitalism, liberal democracy, and containment through the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO, while the Soviet Union established communist governments across much of Eastern Europe and organized the Eastern Bloc through institutions such as the Warsaw Pact and Comecon.

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Postwar division of Europe

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