Computer Vision: Foundations, Tasks, and Applications

Computer Vision Definition and Scope

Computer vision is an interdisciplinary scientific and technological field focused on enabling computers to extract, analyze, and understand meaningful information from digital images and videos. It transforms visual data from sources such as cameras, video sequences, 3D scanners, LiDAR, and medical scanners into numerical or symbolic outputs, including descriptions, classifications, measurements, and decisions. Its goal is to automate or support capabilities associated with human vision, using concepts from geometry, physics, statistics, optimization, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. The scope of computer vision includes image acquisition, enhancement, recognition, reconstruction, segmentation, object and event detection, tracking, motion estimation, 3D modeling, pose estimation, and scene understanding. It is applied in medicine, manufacturing, robotics, autonomous navigation, agriculture, military systems, surveillance, augmented reality, multimedia, and accessibility technologies. Although it overlaps with image processing, image analysis, computer graphics, pattern recognition, and machine vision, computer vision generally emphasizes interpreting image content and understanding three-dimensional scenes, while machine vision focuses especially on industrial inspection, process control, and robot guidance.

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Image Data and Visual Modalities

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