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Classical mechanics explains the motion of macroscopic objects by relating forces, momentum, energy, and acceleration.
Classical mechanics is a framework for describing how forces affect the motion of macroscopic objects and bulk matter, generally without accounting for quantum effects and, in its non-relativistic form, relativistic effects. It applies to systems ranging from projectiles, machinery, spacecraft, planets, and stars to deformable solids, fluids, and macromolecules. Its central purpose is to use known positions, velocities, masses, and forces to determine how objects move over time, both in the future and the past, within the limits of predictable behavior. The subject includes statics, kinematics, and dynamics, and can be expressed through Newtonian, Lagrangian, or Hamiltonian formulations. Classical mechanics is highly accurate for objects that are not extremely small, massive, or fast, but it becomes an approximation when quantum effects, strong gravitational fields, or speeds near the speed of light are important. Quantum mechanics, special relativity, and general relativity extend or replace it in those regimes.
Classical mechanics explains the motion of macroscopic objects by relating forces, momentum, energy, and acceleration.
Its main branches are statics, which studies equilibrium; kinematics, which describes motion without considering its causes; and dynamics, which explains motion through forces.
Newtonian mechanics is based on Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation, while analytical mechanics uses energy-based formulations such as Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics.
The theory is effective for low-energy systems in weak gravitational fields and for speeds far below the speed of light.
Classical mechanics has limits: quantum mechanics is needed at atomic scales, special relativity at near-light speeds, and general relativity for extremely massive objects or strong gravitational fields.
A theory that describes the motion of macroscopic objects and the effects of forces on them without generally including quantum or relativistic effects.
A formulation of classical mechanics based primarily on Newton's laws of motion and the concept of force.
The branch of mechanics concerned with forces and torques acting on systems in equilibrium.
The description of the position, velocity, and acceleration of objects without analyzing the forces causing their motion.
The branch of mechanics that relates the motion of objects to the forces producing it.
A mathematical approach to mechanics that derives equations of motion from scalar quantities such as energy or action.
An idealized reference frame in which an object with no net force moves at constant velocity in a straight line.
A general principle from which equations of motion can be derived by requiring the action of a system to be stationary.
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