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Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations across successive generations. In genetic terms, it is commonly described as a change in the frequencies of alleles within a population. Evolution can occur even when there is no visible change in an organism’s phenotype because some genetic differences do not affect observable traits. Evolution requires heritable genetic variation, which can arise through mutation, genetic recombination, and gene flow. Natural selection, genetic drift, and other evolutionary processes cause some genetic variants to become more or less common over time. Across Earth's history, these changes have produced biodiversity, including adaptation, the formation of new species, changes within species, and extinction.
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