Diabetes mellitus: types, causes, complications

Definition and core feature of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (commonly called diabetes) is a group of endocrine diseases defined by sustained high blood sugar levels. It occurs when the body has either reduced production of insulin by the pancreas or cells do not respond properly to insulin (insulin resistance), leading to glucose remaining in the bloodstream instead of being taken up by cells. A core feature of diabetes is impaired insulin action, which disrupts normal glucose regulation. Classic symptoms often include the “three Ps”: polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), and polyphagia (excessive hunger), often accompanied by weight loss and blurred vision. If untreated, diabetes can progress and cause major complications affecting blood vessels and organs such as the cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and other body systems.

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Insulin deficiency versus insulin resistance

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