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Docker is a containerization platform that uses operating-system-level virtualization to package applications and their dependencies into lightweight, portable containers. First released in 2013 and developed by Docker, Inc., it enables software to run consistently across Linux, Windows, and macOS environments. Docker containers share the host operating system kernel, which generally makes them more resource-efficient than virtual machines while providing process, network, filesystem, and resource isolation through technologies such as namespaces, cgroups, and layered filesystems. Docker’s architecture includes the Docker daemon (dockerd), the Docker CLI, images, containers, services, and registries such as Docker Hub. Dockerfiles define how images are built, while Docker Compose simplifies the configuration and operation of multi-container applications. Docker Swarm provides clustering and service orchestration across multiple Docker engines, and Docker Volumes support persistent data beyond a container’s lifecycle. Docker Engine is Apache 2.0 licensed, while Docker Desktop has separate licensing restrictions for larger enterprises.
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