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El NiƱoāSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) is a recurring global climate phenomenon caused by linked variations in tropical Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperatures, atmospheric pressure, and winds. It affects climate across the tropics and subtropics and has teleconnections that influence weather in higher-latitude regions. ENSO occurs in three phases: neutral, El NiƱo, and La NiƱa. El NiƱo is the warm phase, characterized by unusually warm sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, weakened trade winds, reduced coastal upwelling, and shifts in rainfall and atmospheric circulation. La NiƱa is the cool, generally opposite phase, with unusually cold eastern and central Pacific waters, stronger trade winds, and enhanced upwelling. The atmospheric pressure variation associated with these ocean changes is called the Southern Oscillation. ENSO phases typically last about a year, recur irregularly every two to seven years, and can disrupt weather patterns worldwide.
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