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Philosophy of mind examines the nature of the mind, consciousness, mental states, cognition, and the relationship between mind, body, brain, and the external world. Its central issue is the mind–body problem: how subjective experiences, thoughts, beliefs, and desires can arise from or interact with physical processes in the brain. Related questions include the hard problem of consciousness, the nature of qualia, intentionality, mental causation, and whether mental properties can be fully explained scientifically. The main positions include dualism, which treats the mental and physical as distinct in some respect, and monism, which regards them as aspects of a single reality. Dualism includes substance dualism, property dualism, interactionism, parallelism, occasionalism, and emergent approaches. Monist positions include physicalism, idealism, neutral monism, dual-aspect theory, functionalism, behaviorism, and panpsychism. Contemporary philosophers commonly defend reductive or non-reductive physicalism, while ongoing developments in neuroscience, artificial intelligence, psychology, and cognitive science continue to investigate how consciousness and mental properties relate to the brain.
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