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Electrical networks are interconnections of electrical components such as voltage sources, current sources, resistors, capacitors, inductors, switches, and transistors. An electrical circuit is a network with a closed loop that provides a return path for current, while a network without a closed loop is commonly called an open circuit. Networks may be resistive, containing only resistors and ideal sources, or may include reactive components such as capacitors and inductors. Networks containing active electronic components are generally nonlinear and require more advanced analysis methods. Electrical networks can be classified by passivity, linearity, and lumpiness. Active networks contain sources capable of supplying energy, whereas passive networks contain only passive elements. Linear networks obey superposition and can be analyzed using methods such as frequency-domain techniques, while nonlinear networks often require numerical simulation or approximation. Circuit behavior is determined using Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws, Thévenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, and the superposition theorem. Complex circuits are commonly analyzed with software such as SPICE, using methods including steady-state analysis, linearization around an operating point, and piecewise-linear approximation.
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An electrical network is an interconnection or model of electrical components such as batteries, resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches, and transistors. An electrical circuit is a network with a closed loop that provides a return path for current, while networks without a closed loop are often called open circuits. Networks may be classified as resistive, electronic, active or passive, linear or nonlinear, and lumped-element or distributed-element systems. Active networks contain sources that can supply energy, whereas passive networks contain only passive elements such as resistors and capacitors. Network behavior is analyzed using fundamental laws and theorems, including Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, Ohm's law, Norton's theorem, Thévenin's theorem, and the superposition theorem. Lumped-element models are suitable when component dimensions are small relative to the signal wavelength; distributed-element models are required for high-frequency or physically long circuits. Engineers analyze and design networks using mathematical methods, circuit simulators such as SPICE, and techniques including steady-state analysis, linearization around an operating point, and piecewise-linear approximation.
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