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Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the interactions between organisms and their living and nonliving environments. The term comes from the Greek words for "house" and "study," reflecting the study of organisms in their environmental homes. Ecology examines relationships such as predation, competition, cooperation, pollination, and mutualism, as well as how organisms adapt to environmental conditions. The scope of ecology extends across multiple levels of biological organization, from individual organisms and populations to communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere. It investigates the distribution and abundance of organisms, biodiversity, habitat and niche relationships, the movement of energy and materials, nutrient cycling, ecosystem development, and feedback between organisms and their environments. Ecology has important practical applications in conservation biology, natural-resource management, wetland management, climate regulation, and the protection of ecosystem services.
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