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Optics is the branch of physics concerned with the behavior, manipulation, propagation, and detection of light and other electromagnetic radiation. It primarily studies visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light, but its scope also includes radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, and related technologies that manipulate beams of charged particles. Optics examines how electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter and how it is used in instruments such as mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, lasers, and fiber-optic systems. The field uses several models to describe light. Geometrical optics treats light as rays traveling in straight lines and changing direction through reflection and refraction, while physical optics describes light as a wave and explains phenomena such as diffraction and interference. Quantum optics accounts for situations in which light exhibits particle-like behavior through photons. Optics has broad applications in astronomy, engineering, photography, medicine, ophthalmology, optometry, communications, and imaging technologies.
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