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Problem solving spans simple to complex tasks and includes both well-defined and ill-defined problems.
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, and it appears across many activities—from simple personal tasks (e.g., finding a route) to complex business and technical challenges. The scope of problem solving includes different kinds of tasks: well-defined problems with clear goals and expected solutions versus ill-defined problems where the desired resolution is unclear. It also varies by domain, such as mathematical problem solving versus personal problem solving, and formal, fact-based problems versus socio-emotional problems that depend on changing emotions and social context. The meaning of “problem solving” differs by discipline. In psychology, it is a higher-order cognitive process used to find solutions to life problems, typically involving problem finding (discovering and simplifying the issue), generating and evaluating possible solutions, then selecting, implementing, and verifying an approach. In computer science, problem solving is often treated as designing automated systems that take inputs and compute correct or adequate responses using algorithms. Across fields like logic, engineering, physics, and military science, problem solving also involves representing problems appropriately (e.g., as theorems or causal hypotheses), applying domain-specific reasoning, and using structured processes such as diagnosis, planning, and iterative refinement. Problem solving can be approached through strategies and cycles that include recognizing and defining the problem, developing and testing strategies, organizing resources, monitoring progress, and evaluating outcomes. It is also studied in terms of barriers that prevent solutions, such as confirmation bias, mental set, and functional fixedness. Finally, the scope extends beyond individuals: complex contemporary issues often require collective problem solving, where groups combine complementary expertise and shared collaboration to exceed any single person’s cognitive capacity.
Problem solving spans simple to complex tasks and includes both well-defined and ill-defined problems.
Different disciplines define and model problem solving differently (e.g., psychology as cognitive process; computer science as automated computation).
Problem-solving strategies are iterative cycles of recognizing, defining, planning, executing, monitoring, and evaluating solutions, often affected by common cognitive barriers.
Collective problem solving is necessary for many real-world complex issues because individual cognition is insufficient.
The process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles.
Problem solving involving a singular, relatively straightforward obstacle.
Problem solving involving multiple simultaneous and interrelated obstacles.
A problem with specific end goals and clearly expected solutions.
A problem where the current situation is troublesome but the desired resolution is not clearly specified.
The initial step in psychological problem solving where the problem is discovered and simplified.
An iterative sequence of steps used to overcome obstacles during problem solving, such as recognizing, defining, strategizing, monitoring, and evaluating.
A mental tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs, which can hinder finding solutions.
A tendency to rely on familiar approaches even when they are not optimal for the current problem.
A tendency to see objects only in their usual functions, limiting creative solution options.
Problem solving performed collectively by groups to address issues that exceed individual cognitive capacity.
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