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English grammar is the system of structural rules governing words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and complete texts. Most English communication follows Standard English conventions, although regional, historical, and cultural varieties may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, and some grammatical usage. English relies heavily on word order, prepositions, and the possessive ending -'s rather than extensive noun case marking, while personal pronouns retain distinctions such as nominative, objective, and genitive forms. Traditional grammar identifies eight main parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Modern descriptions also include determiners and other word classes. Words combine into phrases, including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional phrases. English grammar also covers noun number and possession, pronoun reference and gender, determiner use, adverb placement, prepositional constructions, coordination and subordination, and the remaining case distinctions in personal pronouns.
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English word classes are categories that describe how words function in sentences. Traditional grammar identifies eight main parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Articles and other determiners are also important classes because they introduce and specify nouns. Some words can belong to more than one class depending on how they are used; for example, "run" can function as either a noun or a verb. Words can also change form through inflection or create new words through derivational suffixes and conversion between classes. Words combine to form phrases that perform functions similar to individual word classes. Noun phrases can act as subjects or objects and may contain determiners, modifiers, a head noun, and complements. Adjective and adverb phrases add description or information, while prepositional phrases express relationships such as place, time, direction, or abstract connection. Conjunctions link words, phrases, and clauses, either coordinately or subordinately. English relies heavily on word order, prepositions, and limited pronoun case to show grammatical relationships.
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