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The genetic code is the set of rules that living cells use to translate genetic information stored in DNA or RNA into proteins. In this process, the ribosome reads nucleotide triplets (codons) on messenger RNA (mRNA) in groups of three bases, while transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring specific amino acids. The codons determine the order of amino acids added during protein biosynthesis, thereby specifying the protein’s primary structure. The genetic code is highly similar across organisms and is commonly represented by a standard table with 64 codons (4^3 combinations). In most cases, each three-nucleotide codon specifies a single amino acid, with a few codons acting as stop (termination) signals that end translation. Although the canonical genetic code is widely used, variant genetic codes exist in some organisms and cellular compartments (for example, in mitochondria), reflecting exceptions to the standard mapping.
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