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Sleep is a recurring state with altered consciousness, reduced sensory responsiveness, and decreased muscle activity.
Sleep is a naturally recurring state of reduced mental and physical activity in which consciousness is altered and sensory responsiveness is inhibited. Compared with wakefulness, sleepers react less to stimuli, yet sleep still involves active brain patterns, making it more responsive than a coma or disorders of consciousness. During sleep, muscle activity decreases markedly and interaction with the environment is reduced. A core feature of sleep is that it occurs in repeating periods in which the body alternates between two distinct modes: non-REM (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep typically begins first and includes slow-wave (deep) sleep, when body temperature and heart rate fall and the brain uses less energy. REM sleep, though it has rapid eye movements, is also marked by desynchronized and fast brain waves, loss of muscle tone (near paralysis), and is strongly associated with dreaming. Sleep also supports bodily restoration: during sleep many systems shift toward an anabolic state that helps restore the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems, supporting mood, memory, and cognitive function. The timing of sleep is regulated by an internal circadian clock (promoting sleep at night) and sleep-wake homeostasis (sleep pressure that increases with time awake). Sleep can be monitored using EEG (brain waves), EOG (eye movements), and EMG (muscle activity), often combined as polysomnography.
Sleep is a recurring state with altered consciousness, reduced sensory responsiveness, and decreased muscle activity.
Sleep cycles alternate between non-REM (including slow-wave/deep sleep) and REM sleep, each with distinct physiological and brain-wave characteristics.
Sleep supports restoration of multiple body systems and is regulated by circadian timing and homeostatic sleep pressure.
Sleep stages and transitions can be measured using EEG, EOG, and EMG (polysomnography).
A naturally recurring resting state in which consciousness is altered, sensory activity is inhibited, and mental and physical activity are reduced.
The sleep mode that occurs first in the cycle and includes slow-wave (deep) sleep with reduced body temperature, heart rate, and brain energy use.
A sleep mode characterized by rapid eye movements, desynchronized fast brain waves, loss of muscle tone, and frequent dreaming.
The repeating sequence of NREM and REM stages that typically lasts about 90 minutes per cycle.
The deepest NREM stage (N3) associated with the lowest brain activity patterns and bursts of growth hormone.
A sleep study that simultaneously records EEG, EOG, and EMG to monitor sleep stages and physiology.
The internal timing system that promotes sleep at night and helps align sleep with the day–night cycle.
The drive that increases with time awake and contributes to the need for sleep.
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