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The immune system protects against disease by recognizing non-self threats while avoiding attack on self tissues.
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from disease. It detects and responds to a wide range of threats—including pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasites, as well as cancer cells and foreign objects—by distinguishing them from the organism’s own healthy tissues (“self” vs “non-self”). Most organisms rely on layered defenses. Physical and chemical barriers help prevent entry of microbes, and if pathogens breach these barriers, the immune system responds through two major subsystems: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides a rapid, non-specific response, while adaptive immunity is antigen-specific and improves with exposure by learning to recognize previously encountered molecules, creating immunological memory. Dysfunction of this system can lead to disorders such as immunodeficiencies, autoimmunity, and hypersensitivity.
The immune system protects against disease by recognizing non-self threats while avoiding attack on self tissues.
Innate immunity provides fast, non-specific defense, whereas adaptive immunity provides targeted responses and immunological memory.
Layered defense includes surface barriers plus innate and adaptive immune mechanisms; immune dysfunction can cause immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or hypersensitivity.
A network of biological systems that detects and responds to disease threats while distinguishing them from the body’s own cells.
A core immune principle where “self” molecules are recognized as belonging to the organism, while “non-self” molecules are treated as foreign.
The first-line immune defense that responds quickly and non-specifically to broad categories of threats.
An antigen-specific immune defense that tailors responses to particular threats and forms immunological memory.
A long-lasting adaptive immune capability that enables faster and stronger responses upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
A substance that binds to specific immune receptors and triggers an immune response.
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