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The Industrial Revolution (sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution) was a transitional period in the global economy that began in Great Britain around 1760 and spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840. It marked a shift from hand production to machine-based manufacturing, along with major advances in chemical production and iron-making, greater use of water and steam power, development of machine tools, and the growth of the mechanised factory system. Output rose dramatically, contributing to unprecedented population growth and sustained increases in income and living standards for many people in the Western world (though the timing and extent of improvements are debated). Historians debate the exact start and end dates and the pace of change. In Britain, rapid mechanised textile spinning took off in the 1780s, while steam power and iron production grew quickly after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century. A recession occurred in the late 1830s when early mechanised textile innovations slowed as markets matured, even as transportation technologies like locomotives and steamships expanded and iron smelting improved. Later, growth reaccelerated after 1870 due to innovations associated with the Second Industrial Revolution (such as steel-making, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, and advanced machinery in steam-powered factories).
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