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Java is a high-level, general-purpose, statically and strongly typed programming language designed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and first released in 1995. It supports object-oriented, generic, functional, imperative, concurrent, and reflective programming. Java was designed around the principle of “write once, run anywhere” (WORA): source code is compiled into platform-independent JVM bytecode that can run on any system with a compatible Java Virtual Machine. Its syntax resembles C and C++, while providing fewer low-level features, automatic memory management, strong type safety, and built-in security mechanisms. Java applications run through the Java platform, which includes the JVM, standard libraries, and development tools. The JVM translates or just-in-time compiles bytecode into native machine instructions, improving portability while providing competitive performance. Java uses garbage collection to reclaim unused memory and supports reflection, multithreading, networking, graphical user interfaces, enterprise applications, and web technologies. Major platform editions include Java SE, Jakarta EE, Java ME, Java Card, and JavaFX. Java has evolved through many releases, with Java 8, 11, 17, 21, and 25 identified as long-term-support versions in the provided content, and Java 27 listed as the current release as of October 2026.
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