Learning Processes and Types

Definition and Scope of Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring or changing knowledge, understanding, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences through experience and interaction with the environment. It occurs in humans, many animals, some machines, and possibly certain plants. Learning begins before or at birth and continues throughout life. Although some learning can occur through a single event, much knowledge and skill develop through repeated experiences, and the resulting changes may persist for a long time. The scope of learning includes conscious and unconscious processes studied across educational psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, experimental psychology, and pedagogy. Major forms include non-associative learning, such as habituation and sensitization; associative learning, including classical and operant conditioning; observational learning; active and collaborative learning; learning through play and enculturation; episodic, multimedia, electronic, augmented, and rote learning. Learning can involve memory, language, communication, problem-solving, social development, and adaptation to changing environments.

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Lifelong Learning and Development

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