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The two postulates are: identical physical laws in all inertial frames and a constant light speed c in vacuum for all observers.
Special relativity is built on two core postulates: (1) the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames (frames moving at constant velocity relative to each other), and (2) the speed of light in vacuum is constant for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source or the observer. Together, these assumptions replace the Newtonian idea of absolute time and absolute simultaneity with a framework where measurements depend on relative motion. From these postulates, the Lorentz transformation follows, leading to experimentally verified consequences such as time dilation, length contraction, and the relativity of simultaneity (events simultaneous in one inertial frame may not be simultaneous in another). The theory also implies that the speed of light is the maximum signal speed, affecting how causality works and how spacetime is described using Lorentzian geometry and an invariant spacetime interval.
The two postulates are: identical physical laws in all inertial frames and a constant light speed c in vacuum for all observers.
These postulates lead to Lorentz transformations and to key effects like time dilation, length contraction, and relativity of simultaneity.
A reference frame that is not accelerating, in which objects either remain at rest or move with constant velocity.
The laws of physics have the same form in all inertial frames.
The speed of light in vacuum is the same constant value c for all inertial observers, independent of source or observer motion.
The mathematical transformation relating space and time coordinates of events measured in different inertial frames moving relative to each other.
The claim that whether two spatially separated events are simultaneous depends on the observer’s inertial frame.
The effect that a moving clock runs slower relative to a clock in which it is observed to be moving.
The effect that the measured length of an object along the direction of motion decreases for observers who see the object moving at high speed.
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