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Mars formed about 4.5 billion years ago along with the other planets. Its early history is commonly divided into major geological periods that reflect changing surface conditions and internal activity. During the Noachian period (roughly 4.5 to 3.5 billion years ago), Marsโs surface was heavily shaped by meteor impacts, valley formation and erosion, possible water oceans, and the loss of its magnetosphere. In the following Hesperian period (beginning about 3.5 billion years ago and ending roughly 3.3โ2.9 billion years ago), Mars experienced widespread volcanic activity and flooding. These processes helped carve large outflow channels across the planet. The Amazonian period, which continues to the present, is characterized by the remaining influence of earlier processes and the dominance of ongoing geological activity, with current research still investigating whether Mars ever hosted life or may still show traces of it.
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