Meditation: definitions, techniques, traditions

Meditation definition and purpose

Meditation is a practice in which an individual uses a technique (or a combination of techniques) to train attention and awareness and to detach from discursive, ruminating thought. The aim is to reach a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state, typically without intending to analyze outcomes or create expectations about the process. Meditation techniques are commonly grouped into focused (concentrative) methods—such as attention to breath or mantras—and open monitoring methods, such as mindfulness and awareness of present-moment experiences. Defining meditation precisely is difficult because it covers many dissimilar practices across traditions and cultures, and there is no universally accepted scientific definition with necessary and sufficient criteria. Scholars and researchers often emphasize shared features such as the use of a defined technique, regulation of attention, and a self-induced mental state (sometimes including relaxation, suspension of logical thought processes, or a contemplative/spiritual context). Despite definitional challenges, meditation is practiced in many religious traditions and also independently for health and psychological benefits, with ongoing research into its effects.

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Difficulties defining meditation

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