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Differential survival and reproduction is the core mechanism of natural selection: individuals with heritable traits that give them higher relative fitness are more likely to survive and leave more offspring than individuals with less advantageous traits. Over generations, this causes the frequencies of those heritable traits to change within a population, leading to evolutionary change. Natural selection requires (1) variation among individuals, (2) that some of this variation is heritable, and (3) differences in fitness that affect survival and lifetime reproductive success. Traits that improve survival and reproductive output become more common, while traits that reduce reproductive success become less common. If environmental conditions favor different traits over time, populations can undergo microevolution (changes within lineages) and, under broader or more extreme shifts, macroevolution and even speciation.
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