Operations Research: Methods, History, and Applications

Operations Research Definition and Purpose

Operations research (OR), also known as operational research or sometimes management science, is a branch of applied mathematics focused on improving management and decision-making through analytical methods. It uses mathematical modeling, statistics, optimization, simulation, and related techniques to represent real-world systems and identify optimal or near-optimal solutions under given constraints. The purpose of OR is to determine the best use of limited resources and improve measurable outcomes, such as maximizing profit, performance, or productivity and minimizing cost, risk, loss, or time. Originating largely from military planning before and during World War II, OR is now applied across industries and public services, including transportation, manufacturing, finance, logistics, healthcare, supply chains, government, and emergency planning. Its methods help organizations analyze complex systems, compare alternatives, allocate resources, schedule activities, and make evidence-based decisions.

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Mathematical Modeling for Decision-Making

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