Pollination: plant reproduction and vectors

Definition and purpose of pollination

Pollination is the biological process in which pollen is transferred from the anther of a plant to the stigma of another plant (or the same plant), enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds. It can be carried by living pollinators (biotic pollination) such as insects, birds, and bats, or by nonliving forces (abiotic pollination) such as wind, water, or rain. This transfer is crucial because it moves the genetic material needed for the reproductive success of most flowering plants. The purpose of pollination is to ensure successful reproduction by connecting pollen to the female reproductive structures where germination and fertilisation occur. After pollen lands on the stigma, it germinates and forms a pollen tube that grows through the style to reach the ovary, delivering sperm cells for fertilisation (including double fertilisation in flowering plants). Pollination is also important for agriculture and horticulture because fruiting depends on fertilisation, and it supports ecosystem stability and food security by sustaining plant populations that provide much of the world’s food supply.

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Pollinating agents and vector types

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