Quantum computing foundations and models

Quantum computers and quantum information processing

Quantum computers and quantum information processing use quantum states to represent and manipulate information. The basic unit is the qubit, which can exist in a superposition of two basis states (unlike a classical bit that is strictly 0 or 1). By controlling superposition, relative phase, and interference, quantum algorithms can amplify the probability of desired outcomes; entanglement and interference are central resources. In principle, quantum computers can perform certain computations exponentially faster than classical computers, with major implications such as the ability of a sufficiently large, scalable quantum computer to break widely used public-key cryptography (e.g., RSA via Shor’s algorithm).

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Qubits versus classical bits

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