Rocks: Types, Formation, and Human Use

Definition and scope of rocks in geology

In geology, a rock (also called a stone) is defined as any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals (or mineraloid matter). Rocks are characterized by the minerals they contain, their chemical composition, and the processes by which they formed. They make up the Earth’s outer solid layer (the crust) and most of its interior, excluding the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The scope of rock study in geology includes multiple subdisciplines such as petrology and mineralogy, and it can be limited to Earth rocks or expanded to planetary geology, which examines rocks from other celestial bodies. Rocks are commonly grouped into three major classes—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—based on formation processes: igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava; sedimentary rocks form through deposition and subsequent diagenesis/lithification of sediments; and metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are transformed by high pressure and temperature without significant melting. Rocks are further classified using properties such as mineral/chemical composition, permeability, texture, and particle size, and they can gradually transform into one another through the rock cycle.

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Rock composition: minerals and mineraloids

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